Understand double entry system. Before understanding double entry system, let us understand traditional single entry system: - All incomes are positive (I) - All assets cash, bank balance are positive (A) - All receivables are positive (R) - All expenses are negative (E) - All payables are negative (P) Total Income + Receivables =~ Total Expenses + Payables Accumulated(Income) (Dr) + Receivables (Dr) =~ Accumulated(Expenses) (Dr) + Cash And Bank Assets (Dr) + Payables (Cr) Expenses = Expenses for Service + Expenses For Assets (e.g. Computer) Note: We don't directly track which expenses are for service and which are for assets. Main source of income is maintenance. Also includes rental income. ======================================================================== In double entry system, we try to balance the figures at any time. T-Zero : No Income, No expenses, all zero. (Dr) (Cr) T-1 : Receivables =~ Payables : We expect to earn 10L, spend 10L Payables may include provisioning. T-2 : We get some maintenance income. (Dr) (Cr) Receivables + Cash + Bank-Balance =~ Payables T-3 : We spend some money for Service. (Dr) (Cr) Receivables + TotalExpense + Cash + Bank-Balance =~ Payables Note: As expense goes high, cash comes down. Very important point to note that why Expense is Dr, not Cr. ========================================================================