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                Patanjali Yoga ~
        Commentaries By Thava Alagu ~
      From Referance: Swami Jnaneshvara's Interpretation
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Chapter 1: Concentration (Samadhi Pada)

Sutra 1: 
    A-tha (now)  Yoga.anu.shasanam
    'Now begins instructions for Yoga'
    Shasanam - teaching; anu - following prior preparation

Sutra 2: Yogash chitta vritti nirodhah
    'Yoga is to control multiplying thought waves'

Sutra 3: Thadha dhrashtu svarupe avasthanam
    'when mind is still and clear, one enters human's
     natural state of bliss'

Sutra 4: Vruthi Sarupya mitharathra
    'When there are waves of thoughts, man remains identified with mind'

Sutra 5: Vruthya: Panchathayya: Klishta  Aklishta
      'Thoughts: 5 types: some painful, others not painful'

Sutra 6: Pramana - vipar.ya - vikalpa - nidhra - samruth.ya
      'Five kinds of thoughts are:
             Pramana    - Right Knowledge
             vipar.ya   - Wrong Knowledge   (induced by misleading looks)
             vikalpa    - (verbal) Delusion (induced by misleading words)
             Nidhra     - Sleep
             Samruth.ya - Memory
       '
  Notes:  memory can be of right or wrong knowledge ??
          memory is a kind of secondary thought wave which is raised
          due to remembering the thought waves originally generated 
          by direct perception (or by verbal delusion).
          Dreaming is like recalling in your sleep.

Sutra 7: Prathyaksh.anumanagama: Pramanani
       'Foundations of right knowledge: 
             Prathyaksham = Direct Perception
             Anumanam     = Guess/Inference
             Pramanam     = Right Knowledge without contradictions,
                            wisdom from trustable sources.'

    Note: One can argue pramanam is like anumanam since 'trustable source'
          is relative and subject to 'guessing'. 
          However, in this context, the 'pramanam' is used for knowledge
          from scriptures (and other such sources) as basic truths.

Sutra 8: Viparyayo mithyak.gja.namathath.roopa.prathishtam
         'Viparya is wrong knowledge which is based on apparent 
          misleading look'  e.g. rope being mistaken as snake.

Sutra 9: Shabdhak.gjananupathi  vasthu.shunyo vikalpa
         'vikalpa i.e. delusion may be induced by misleading words
         propagated by it's sound.'  
         e.g. Sound of a statement may be misinterprted out of context.

Sutra 10: Apava-prathyalambana vruthir nidhra
          'Sleep is a thought wave of nothingness (shoonya)'

Sutra 11: Anuputha-vishayasa  sampramosha smruthi
          'Memory (smruthi) is when perceived objects are not forgotten'

          Note: memory is also a (secondary) thoughtwave raised from
                recordings of earlier perception.

Sutra 12: Ap.yasa vairagya.pyam thannirodha
          Ap.yasa - Practice; 
          Vairagya - Non-attachment; (is it not determination???)
          'These thought waves can be controlled by practice and
           non-attachment'

Sutra 13: Thathra Sthithou yathno Apyasa
          You can control thought waves by (repeated effort of) practice.

Sutra 14: Sathu dhirga kala nairantharya sathkara sevitho dhrda boomi
          Practice becomes firmly grounded when it is cultivated for long
          time uninterruptedly with earnest devotion.

Sutra 15: 


Chapter 1: Concentration (Samadhi Pada)

What is Yoga? (1.1-1.4)
1.1 Now, after having done prior preparation through life and other practices, the
study and practice of Yoga begins.
(atha yoga anushasanam)

atha = now, at this auspicious moment; implying the transition to this practice
       and pursuit, after prior preparation; implying a blessing at this 
       moment of transition
yoga = of yoga, union; literally, to yoke, from the root yuj, which means to
       join or to integrate; same as the absorption in samadhi
anu =  within, or following tradition; implies being subsequent to something
       else, in this case, the prior preparation
shasanam = instruction, discipline, training, teaching, exposition, explanation;
Shas implies the imparting of teaching that happens along with discipline

1.2 Yoga is the control (nirodhah, regulation, channeling, mastery, integration,
    coordination, stilling, quieting, setting aside) of the modifications 
    (gross and subtle thought patterns) of the mind field.

(yogash chitta vritti nirodhah)

yoga = of yoga, union; literally, to yoke, from the root yuj, which means to
       join; same as the absorption in samadhi
chitta = of the consciousness of the mind-field
vritti = operations, activities, fluctuations, modifications, changes, or various
         forms of the mind-field
nirodhah = control, regulation, channeling, mastery, integration, coordination,